Performance of MVD Diagnostic Tests

Bolded tests are the recommended first non-invasive diagnostic test(s) to be performed.

PathogenTestSpeciesSampleSensitivitySpecificity#Min. Vol. (ml)^Test CodeRef.

Blastomyces* Antigen EIA K9 Urine 93 98 0.5 316 1Motschenbacher LO, Furrow E, Rendahl AK, et al. Retrospective analysis of the effects of Blastomyces antigen concentration in urine and radiographic findings on survival in dogs with blastomycosis. J Vet Intern Med 2021.,2Mourning AC, Patterson EE, Kirsch EJ, et al. Evaluation of an enzyme immunoassay for antibodies to a recombinant Blastomyces adhesin-1 repeat antigen as an aid in the diagnosis of blastomycosis in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2015;247:1133-1138.,3Spector D, Legendre AM, Wheat J, et al. Antigen and antibody testing for the diagnosis of blastomycosis in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2008;22:839-843.,4Foy DS, Trepanier LA, Kirsch EJ, et al. Serum and urine Blastomyces antigen concentrations as markers of clinical remission in dogs treated for systemic blastomycosis. J Vet Intern Med 2014;28:305-310.
K9 Serum 91 100 0.8 316 2Mourning AC, Patterson EE, Kirsch EJ, et al. Evaluation of an enzyme immunoassay for antibodies to a recombinant Blastomyces adhesin-1 repeat antigen as an aid in the diagnosis of blastomycosis in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2015;247:1133-1138.,3Spector D, Legendre AM, Wheat J, et al. Antigen and antibody testing for the diagnosis of blastomycosis in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2008;22:839-843.,5Arambulo PV, 3rd, Topacio TM, Jr., Famatiga EG, et al. Leptospirosis among abattoir employees, dog pound workers, and fish inspectors in the city of Manila. The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health 1972;3:212-220.
Antibody EIA K9 Serum 82 97 0.25 330 2Mourning AC, Patterson EE, Kirsch EJ, et al. Evaluation of an enzyme immunoassay for antibodies to a recombinant Blastomyces adhesin-1 repeat antigen as an aid in the diagnosis of blastomycosis in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2015;247:1133-1138.,3Spector D, Legendre AM, Wheat J, et al. Antigen and antibody testing for the diagnosis of blastomycosis in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2008;22:839-843.
Antibody ID K9 Serum 54 100 0.25 322 2Mourning AC, Patterson EE, Kirsch EJ, et al. Evaluation of an enzyme immunoassay for antibodies to a recombinant Blastomyces adhesin-1 repeat antigen as an aid in the diagnosis of blastomycosis in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2015;247:1133-1138.,3Spector D, Legendre AM, Wheat J, et al. Antigen and antibody testing for the diagnosis of blastomycosis in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2008;22:839-843.,6Arceneaux KA, Taboada J, Hosgood G. Blastomycosis in dogs: 115 cases (1980-1995). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:658-664.,7Crews LJ, Feeney DA, Jessen CR, et al. Utility of diagnostic tests for and medical treatment of pulmonary blastomycosis in dogs: 125 cases (1989- 2006). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008;232:222-227.
Histoplasma Antigen EIA K9 Urine 92 99 0.5 310 8Cunningham L, Cook A, Hanzlicek A, et al. Sensitivity and Specificity of Histoplasma Antigen Detection by Enzyme Immunoassay. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2015;51:306-310.,9Clark K, Hanzlicek AS. Evaluation of a novel monoclonal antibody-based enzyme immunoassay for detection of Histoplasma antigen in urine of dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2020.
Feline Urine 94 98 0.5 310 10Cook AK, Cunningham LY, Cowell AK, et al. Clinical evaluation of urine Histoplasma capsulatum antigen measurement in cats with suspected disseminated histoplasmosis. J Feline Med Surg 2012;14:512-515.,11Rothenburg L, Hanzlicek AS, Payton ME. A monoclonal antibody-based urine Histoplasma antigen enzyme immunoassay (IMMY(R)) for the diagnosis of histoplasmosis in cats. J Vet Intern Med 2019;33:603-610.
Feline Serum 73 NA 0.8 310 12Hanzlicek AS, Meinkoth JH, Renschler JS, et al. Antigen Concentrations as an Indicator of Clinical Remission and Disease Relapse in Cats with Histoplasmosis. J Vet Intern Med 2016;30:1065-1073.
Antibody EIA K9 Serum 76 93 0.25 327 MVD
Feline Serum 83 95 0.25 328 MVD
Antibody ID K9 Serum 28 100 0.25 321 MVD
Feline Serum 5 100 0.25 321 MVD
Coccidioides (valley fever) Antigen EIA Feline Urine 8 100 0.5 315 13Holbrook ED, Greene RT, Rubin SI, et al. Novel canine anti-Coccidioides immunoglobulin G enzyme immunoassay aids in diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis in dogs. Medical mycology 2019;57:800-806.,14Kirsch EJ, Greene RT, Prahl A, et al. Evaluation of Coccidioides antigen detection in dogs with coccidioidomycosis. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2012;19:343-345.
Feline Serum 27 97 0.8 315 13Holbrook ED, Greene RT, Rubin SI, et al. Novel canine anti-Coccidioides immunoglobulin G enzyme immunoassay aids in diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis in dogs. Medical mycology 2019;57:800-806.,14Kirsch EJ, Greene RT, Prahl A, et al. Evaluation of Coccidioides antigen detection in dogs with coccidioidomycosis. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2012;19:343-345.
Antibody EIA K9 Serum 89 94 0.25 329 13Holbrook ED, Greene RT, Rubin SI, et al. Novel canine anti-Coccidioides immunoglobulin G enzyme immunoassay aids in diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis in dogs. Medical mycology 2019;57:800-806.
Antibody ID K9 Serum 87 92 0.25 320 13Holbrook ED, Greene RT, Rubin SI, et al. Novel canine anti-Coccidioides immunoglobulin G enzyme immunoassay aids in diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis in dogs. Medical mycology 2019;57:800-806.,15Johnson LR, Herrgesell EJ, Davidson AP, et al. Clinical, clinicopathologic, and radiographic findings in dogs with coccidioidomycosis: 24 cases (1995-2000). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003;222:461-466.,16Gunstra A, Steurer JA, Seibert RL, et al. Sensitivity of Serologic Testing for Dogs Diagnosed with Coccidioidomycosis on Histology: 52 Cases (2012- 2013). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2019;55:238-242.
Feline Serum 99 NA 0.25 320 17Arbona N, Butkiewicz CD, Keyes M, et al. Clinical features of cats diagnosed with coccidioidomycosis in Arizona, 2004-2018. J Feline Med Surg 2020;22:129-137,18Greene RT, Troy GC. Coccidioidomycosis in 48 cats: a retrospective study (1984-1993). J Vet Intern Med 1995;9:86-91.
Antibody ID+EIA K9 Serum 99 95 0.5 329
320		 13Holbrook ED, Greene RT, Rubin SI, et al. Novel canine anti-Coccidioides immunoglobulin G enzyme immunoassay aids in diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis in dogs. Medical mycology 2019;57:800-806.
Cryptococcus Antigen LA K9 Serum 91 100 0.5 319 19Malik R, McPetrie R, Wigney DI, et al. A latex cryptococcal antigen agglutination test for diagnosis and monitoring of therapy for cryptococcosis. Aust Vet J 1996;74:358-364.,20Johnston L, Mackay B, King T, et al. Abdominal cryptococcosis in dogs and cats: 38 cases (2000-2018). J Small Anim Pract 2021;62:19-27.,21Trivedi SR, Sykes JE, Cannon MS, et al. Clinical features and epidemiology of cryptococcosis in cats and dogs in California: 93 cases (1988-2010). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2011;239:357-369.
Feline Serum 98 NA 0.25 319 19Malik R, McPetrie R, Wigney DI, et al. A latex cryptococcal antigen agglutination test for diagnosis and monitoring of therapy for cryptococcosis. Aust Vet J 1996;74:358-364.,21Trivedi SR, Sykes JE, Cannon MS, et al. Clinical features and epidemiology of cryptococcosis in cats and dogs in California: 93 cases (1988-2010). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2011;239:357-369.,22Medleau L, Marks MA, Brown J, et al. Clinical evaluation of a cryptococcal antigen latex agglutination test for diagnosis of cryptococcosis in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1990;196:1470-1473.
Aspergillus (systemic) Antigen EIA K9 Urine 88 92 0.8 309 23Garcia RS, Wheat LJ, Cook AK, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of a blood and urine galactomannan antigen assay for diagnosis of systemic aspergillosis in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2012;26:911-919.
K9 Serum 92 84 0.8 309 23Garcia RS, Wheat LJ, Cook AK, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of a blood and urine galactomannan antigen assay for diagnosis of systemic aspergillosis in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2012;26:911-919.
K9 Ur+Ser 100 84-92 0.8 309 23Garcia RS, Wheat LJ, Cook AK, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of a blood and urine galactomannan antigen assay for diagnosis of systemic aspergillosis in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2012;26:911-919.
Aspergillus (sinonasal) Antigen EIA K9 Serum 24 82 0.8 309 24Billen F, Peeters D, Peters IR, et al. Comparison of the value of measurement of serum galactomannan and Aspergillus-specific antibodies in the diagnosis of canine sino-nasal aspergillosis. Vet Microbiol 2009;133:358-365.
Feline Serum 23 78 0.8 309 25Whitney J, Beatty JA, Martin P, et al. Evaluation of serum galactomannan detection for diagnosis of feline upper respiratory tract aspergillosis. Vet Microbiol 2013;162:180-185.
Antibody EIA K9 Serum 76 100 0.25 324 24Billen F, Peeters D, Peters IR, et al. Comparison of the value of measurement of serum galactomannan and Aspergillus-specific antibodies in the diagnosis of canine sino-nasal aspergillosis. Vet Microbiol 2009;133:358-365.
Feline Serum 43 100 0.25 324 26Barrs VR, Ujvari B, Dhand NK, et al. Detection of Aspergillus-specific antibodies by agar gel double immunodiffusion and IgG ELISA in feline upper respiratory tract aspergillosis. Vet J 2015;203:285-289
For tests with multiple references the combined sensitivity and specificity was provided.
*Blastomyces antigen test on urine is also the first-choice test for cats.
^Minimum sample volume required for testing.
#Specificity was often provided for non-fungal disease.
EIA, enzyme immunoassay; ID, immunodiffusion; LA, latex agglutination

REFERENCES:

  1. Motschenbacher LO, Furrow E, Rendahl AK, et al. Retrospective analysis of the effects of Blastomyces antigen concentration in urine and radiographic findings on survival in dogs with blastomycosis. J Vet Intern Med 2021.
  2. Mourning AC, Patterson EE, Kirsch EJ, et al. Evaluation of an enzyme immunoassay for antibodies to a recombinant Blastomyces adhesin-1 repeat antigen as an aid in the diagnosis of blastomycosis in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2015;247:1133-1138.
  3. Spector D, Legendre AM, Wheat J, et al. Antigen and antibody testing for the diagnosis of blastomycosis in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2008;22:839-843.
  4. Foy DS, Trepanier LA, Kirsch EJ, et al. Serum and urine blastomyces antigen concentrations as markers of clinical remission in dogs treated for systemic blastomycosis. J Vet Intern Med 2014;28:305-310.
  5. Arambulo PV, 3rd, Topacio TM, Jr., Famatiga EG, et al. Leptospirosis among abattoir employees, dog pound workers, and fish inspectors in the city of Manila. The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health 1972;3:212-220.
  6. Arceneaux KA, Taboada J, Hosgood G. Blastomycosis in dogs: 115 cases (1980-1995). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:658-664.
  7. Crews LJ, Feeney DA, Jessen CR, et al. Utility of diagnostic tests for and medical treatment of pulmonary blastomycosis in dogs: 125 cases (1989- 2006). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008;232:222-227.
  8. Cunningham L, Cook A, Hanzlicek A, et al. Sensitivity and Specificity of Histoplasma Antigen Detection by Enzyme Immunoassay. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2015;51:306-310.
  9. Clark K, Hanzlicek AS. Evaluation of a novel monoclonal antibody-based enzyme immunoassay for detection of Histoplasma antigen in urine of dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2020.
  10. Cook AK, Cunningham LY, Cowell AK, et al. Clinical evaluation of urine Histoplasma capsulatum antigen measurement in cats with suspected disseminated histoplasmosis. J Feline Med Surg 2012;14:512-515.
  11. Rothenburg L, Hanzlicek AS, Payton ME. A monoclonal antibody-based urine Histoplasma antigen enzyme immunoassay (IMMY(R)) for the diagnosis of histoplasmosis in cats. J Vet Intern Med 2019;33:603-610.
  12. Hanzlicek AS, Meinkoth JH, Renschler JS, et al. Antigen Concentrations as an Indicator of Clinical Remission and Disease Relapse in Cats with Histoplasmosis. J Vet Intern Med 2016;30:1065-1073.
  13. Holbrook ED, Greene RT, Rubin SI, et al. Novel canine anti-Coccidioides immunoglobulin G enzyme immunoassay aids in diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis in dogs Medical mycology 2019;57:800-806.
  14. Kirsch EJ, Greene RT, Prahl A, et al. Evaluation of Coccidioides antigen detection in dogs with coccidioidomycosis. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2012;19:343-345.
  15. Johnson LR, Herrgesell EJ, Davidson AP, et al. Clinical, clinicopathologic, and radiographic findings in dogs with coccidioidomycosis: 24 cases (1995-2000) J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003;222:461-466.
  16. Gunstra A, Steurer JA, Seibert RL, et al. Sensitivity of Serologic Testing for Dogs Diagnosed with Coccidioidomycosis on Histology: 52 Cases (2012- 2013). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2019;55:238-242.
  17. Arbona N, Butkiewicz CD, Keyes M, et al. Clinical features of cats diagnosed with coccidioidomycosis in Arizona, 2004-2018. J Feline Med Surg 2020;22:129-137.
  18. Greene RT, Troy GC. Coccidioidomycosis in 48 cats: a retrospective study (1984-1993) J Vet Intern Med 1995;9:86-91.
  19. Malik R, McPetrie R, Wigney DI, et al. A latex cryptococcal antigen agglutination test for diagnosis and monitoring of therapy for cryptococcosis. Aust Vet J 1996;74:358-364.
  20. 2Johnston L, Mackay B, King T, et al. Abdominal cryptococcosis in dogs and cats: 38 cases (2000-2018). J Small Anim Pract 2021;62:19-27.
  21. Trivedi SR, Sykes JE, Cannon MS, et al. Clinical features and epidemiology of cryptococcosis in cats and dogs in California: 93 cases (1988-2010). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2011;239:357-369.
  22. Medleau L, Marks MA, Brown J, et al. Clinical evaluation of a cryptococcal antigen latex agglutination test for diagnosis of cryptococcosis in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1990;196:1470-1473.
  23. Garcia RS, Wheat LJ, Cook AK, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of a blood and urine galactomannan antigen assay for diagnosis of systemic aspergillosis in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2012;26:911-919.
  24. Billen F, Peeters D, Peters IR, et al. Comparison of the value of measurement of serum galactomannan and Aspergillus-specific antibodies in the diagnosis of canine sino-nasal aspergillosis. Vet Microbiol 2009;133:358-365.
  25. Whitney J, Beatty JA, Martin P, et al. Evaluation of serum galactomannan detection for diagnosis of feline upper respiratory tract aspergillosis. Vet Microbiol 2013;162:180-185.
  26. Barrs VR, Ujvari B, Dhand NK, et al. Detection of Aspergillus-specific antibodies by agar gel double immunodiffusion and IgG ELISA in feline upper respiratory tract aspergillosis. Vet J 2015;203:285-289.